十年生死两茫茫，不思量，自难忘。

千里孤坟，无处话凄凉。

纵使相逢应不识，尘满面，鬓如霜。

夜来幽梦忽还乡，小轩窗，正梳妆。

相顾无言，惟有泪千行。

料得年年肠断处，明月夜，短松冈。

Ten years, dead and living dim and draw apart.

I don’t try to remember,

But forgetting is hard.

Lonely grave a thousand miles off,

Cold thoughts, where can I talk them out?

Even if we met, you wouldn’t know me,

Dust on my face,

Hair like frost.

In a dream last night suddenly I was home.

By the window of the little room,

You were combing your hair and making up.

You turned and looked, not speaking,

Only lines of tears coursing down.

Year after year will it break my heart?

The moonlit grave,

The stubby pines.

“Song of River City (江城子记梦)” by Su Shi, also known as Su Dongpo, is a poignant and emotionally charged poem from the Song Dynasty in China. This poem serves as a beautiful and timeless expression of love, loss, and the enduring impact of memories. In this analysis, we will delve deep into the poem’s themes, structure, historical context, and poetic devices to understand its significance and the emotions it conveys.

1. Title and Introduction: The title “Song of River City” suggests a connection to a specific location, and it likely refers to the city of Jiangzhou (江州), which was a significant place in Su Shi’s life. This poem, written in 1075, is a reflection on the past ten years since the death of Su Shi’s wife, Wang Fu, and a dream he had of her. It captures the emotions and memories associated with this loss.

2. Structure and Themes: The poem consists of four quatrains (four-line stanzas), each with a consistent structure of seven characters per line. This structured form allows for a sense of balance and rhythm in the poem. Throughout the poem, several themes and emotions are interwoven:

a. Time and Memory: The poem begins with the line “十年生死两茫茫” (Ten years, dead and living dim and draw apart), highlighting the passage of time and the blurred line between life and death. The poet expresses the difficulty of forgetting and how memories persist despite the years that have passed.

b. Loneliness and Longing: Su Shi mentions a “lonely grave a thousand miles off” and the inability to share his feelings with anyone. The sense of loneliness and longing for his wife is palpable.

c. Recognition and Estrangement: The poet reflects on the idea that even if he were to meet his wife again, she might not recognize him. The image of dust-covered faces and hair like frost emphasizes the effects of time and separation.

d. Dream and Reality: The poem takes a dream-like turn in the second half when Su Shi describes a dream in which he returns home and sees his wife combing her hair and making up. This dream sequence juxtaposes the reality of his wife’s death with the vividness of his dream, blurring the lines between the past and the present.

e. Unspoken Grief: The final quatrain emphasizes the inability to find words to express the emotions, with tears being the only outlet for his grief.

f. Nature and Symbolism: The mention of the moonlit grave and the stubby pines around it carries a sense of melancholy and symbolism. The moon often symbolizes eternity and enduring love, while the pines represent resilience and longevity.

3. Historical Context: Understanding the historical context is essential to appreciate the depth of emotion in Su Shi’s poem. Su Shi and Wang Fu’s love story was tragically cut short when she passed away in 1065, just 11 years after their marriage. In 1066, Su Shi, deeply affected by her death, transported her remains back to their homeland in Sichuan, where she was buried in the family graveyard. The planting of pines around her tomb is significant, as pines are a symbol of endurance and immortality in Chinese culture.

4. Poetic Devices: a. Imagery: Su Shi employs vivid imagery throughout the poem to evoke a sense of time, longing, and grief. The image of dust-covered faces and hair like frost creates a haunting and poignant picture of the passage of time.

b. Metaphor: The poem contains metaphors such as “lines of tears coursing down,” which compares tears to flowing lines, emphasizing their abundance and the depth of sorrow.

c. Symbolism: The moonlit grave and the pines symbolize eternal love and resilience. The grave, bathed in moonlight, suggests that even in death, his wife’s memory shines brightly.

d. Contrast: The poem juxtaposes memories of the past with the poet’s dream of returning home, creating a powerful contrast between reality and the idealized dream.

5. Emotional Impact: “Song of River City” is a deeply emotional and introspective poem that captures the universal themes of love, loss, and the passage of time. Su Shi’s ability to convey his emotions and the enduring impact of his wife’s memory resonates with readers across cultures and time periods. The poem’s emotional depth allows readers to empathize with the poet’s grief and longing.

6. Conclusion: “Song of River City” by Su Shi is a timeless masterpiece that transcends its historical and cultural context. Through its structure, vivid imagery, and profound themes, the poem invites readers to reflect on the enduring power of love and memory, even in the face of loss and the inexorable passage of time. Su Shi’s heartfelt expression of his emotions and his dream of reuniting with his wife continue to touch the hearts of those who encounter this remarkable work of poetry.

FAQ
1. Who was Su Shi, and why is he significant in Chinese literature?

• Su Shi, also known as Su Dongpo, was a prominent Chinese poet, writer, and statesman during the Song Dynasty. He is celebrated for his literary contributions and his role in Chinese culture and politics.

2. What was the status of women in ancient China, particularly during the Song Dynasty?

• Women in ancient China, including the Song Dynasty, had limited social and legal rights. They were often expected to fulfill traditional roles as wives and mothers.

3. Why did Su Shi transport his wife’s remains back to Sichuan after her death?

• Su Shi’s deep love and attachment to his wife Wang Fu motivated him to transport her remains to their homeland in Sichuan, a common practice in ancient China to ensure a peaceful afterlife.

4. How did the Song Dynasty view the passage of time and the impermanence of life?

• The Song Dynasty was deeply influenced by Confucianism and Daoism, both of which emphasized the cyclical nature of life and the impermanence of worldly pursuits. These philosophies often informed the poetry and literature of the era.

5. What role did dreams play in the poetry and literature of the Song Dynasty?

• Dreams were a recurring theme in Song Dynasty literature, often used to convey deep emotions, reflections on the past, or spiritual insights. Su Shi’s dream in the poem reflects this literary tradition.

6. How were emotions and personal experiences expressed in classical Chinese poetry?

• Classical Chinese poetry often employed symbolism, metaphors, and vivid imagery to convey complex emotions indirectly. This allowed poets like Su Shi to express their feelings while adhering to stylistic conventions.

7. What is the significance of the moon in Chinese culture and poetry?

• The moon is a powerful symbol of beauty, elegance, and immortality in Chinese culture and poetry. It is often associated with themes of love and longing.

8. Can you explain the cultural significance of pines and their association with longevity and resilience in Chinese culture?

• Pines are symbols of longevity and resilience in Chinese culture. They are evergreen, surviving harsh conditions, and have come to represent endurance and steadfastness.

9. How did Confucianism and Daoism influence Su Shi’s philosophical outlook and his poetry?

• Su Shi’s poetry often reflects the influence of Confucian values of filial piety and moral integrity, as well as Daoist themes of simplicity and natural harmony.

10. What were the prevailing mourning rituals and customs in ancient China, particularly during the Song Dynasty? – Mourning rituals in ancient China included wearing mourning attire, offering sacrifices to the deceased, and observing periods of mourning, which could vary in length based on the relationship to the deceased.

11. How did the Song Dynasty view dreams and their significance in one’s life? – In Song Dynasty culture, dreams were seen as more than mere subconscious experiences; they were often believed to carry spiritual or prophetic significance, and people sought meaning in their dreams.

12. Were there specific rules or conventions for composing classical Chinese poetry, like the one Su Shi used in “Song of River City”? – Yes, classical Chinese poetry followed strict rules regarding rhyme, meter, and structure. The regulated verse (律詩) form, as seen in this poem, was characterized by a fixed number of lines and characters per line.

13. How did ancient Chinese poets address themes of love and loss in their works? – Love and loss were recurring themes in classical Chinese poetry, and poets often used nature, symbolism, and personal experiences to convey their emotions indirectly.

14. What was the importance of family and ancestral ties in Chinese society during the Song Dynasty? – Family and ancestral ties were central to Chinese society during the Song Dynasty. Filial piety, respect for ancestors, and maintaining family honor were highly valued.

15. How did Su Shi’s career as a statesman and government official impact his poetry and his perspective on life and death? – Su Shi’s experiences in government service exposed him to the complexities of politics and human nature, which influenced his poetry and his contemplation of life and death.

16. Can you explain the symbolism of the “lines of tears coursing down” in the poem? – The “lines of tears coursing down” symbolize the depth of the poet’s grief and the idea that his sorrow flows like a river, a common metaphor in Chinese poetry.

17. How was grief expressed and processed in Chinese society during the Song Dynasty? – Grief was often expressed through rituals, poetry, and mourning attire. It was considered a natural response to loss and was expected to be expressed publicly.

18. What role did Confucian rituals and values play in Su Shi’s decision to honor his wife’s memory by transporting her remains to their homeland? – Confucian values of filial piety and respect for ancestors influenced Su Shi’s decision to honor his wife’s memory by ensuring a proper burial in their ancestral land.

19. How did the concept of reincarnation or the afterlife influence the way people approached death and mourning in ancient China? – Many in ancient China believed in reincarnation or the idea that the deceased would continue to exist in some form after death, which influenced funeral customs and rituals.

20. How has Su Shi’s “Song of River City” been received and interpreted by modern readers and scholars, and what does it reveal about the enduring nature of love and memory in human experience? – The poem has been widely celebrated for its timeless themes of love, loss, and memory. Modern readers and scholars continue to appreciate its emotional depth and the enduring power of Su Shi’s words to evoke empathy and reflection on the human experience.

Sonnet 147

William Shakespeare

My love is as a fever longing still,

For that which longer nurseth the disease;

Feeding on that which doth preserve the ill,

The uncertain sickly appetite to please.

My reason, the physician to my love,

Angry that his prescriptions are not kept,

Hath left me, and I desperate now approve

Desire is death, which physic did except.

Past cure I am, now Reason is past care,

And frantic-mad with evermore unrest;

My thoughts and my discourse as madmen’s are,

At random from the truth vainly expressed;

For I have sworn thee fair, and thought thee bright,

Who art as black as hell, as dark as night.

William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 147, titled “My Love Is As a Fever, Longing Still,” is a profound exploration of love, desire, reason, and the inner turmoil experienced by the speaker. This 14-line poem is part of Shakespeare’s collection of 154 sonnets, which are known for their rich language, emotional depth, and exploration of complex themes. In this analysis, we will delve into the poem’s structure, language, imagery, and themes to gain a deeper understanding of its meaning.

Sonnet Structure: Sonnet 147 follows the traditional Shakespearean or English sonnet form, consisting of three quatrains (four-line stanzas) followed by a final rhymed couplet (two-line stanza). The rhyme scheme of this sonnet is ABABCDCDEFEFGG.

Overall Meaning: The poem begins with the speaker comparing his love to a fever that continues to torment him. He describes how this love feeds on the very things that sustain it, creating an insatiable appetite. The speaker acknowledges that his reason, symbolized as a physician trying to cure his love, has given up because the patient (his love) is not following the prescribed treatment. Consequently, the speaker finds himself in a state of desperation, realizing that desire itself can be deadly. He concludes by contrasting his initial idealized perception of the beloved with the current, harsh reality – the beloved is now seen as dark and black as hell.

Detailed Analysis:

Quatrain 1 (Lines 1-4): “My love is as a fever, longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease; Feeding on that which doth preserve the sill, The uncertain sickly appetite to please.”

In the opening quatrain, the speaker introduces the central metaphor of the poem: love as a fever. This feverish love is described as “longing still,” indicating a persistent and unrelenting desire. The paradox here is that the more the speaker longs for his beloved, the more the feverish love grows. It “nurseth the disease” by sustaining and exacerbating the speaker’s suffering. The love “feeds on that which doth preserve the sill,” suggesting that it thrives on the very things that should soothe or cure it. This paradoxical nature of love is further highlighted as it tries to please an “uncertain sickly appetite,” emphasizing the fickle and unpredictable nature of desire.

Quatrain 2 (Lines 5-8): “My reason, the physician to my love, Angry that his prescriptions are not kept, Hath left me, and I desperate now approve Desire is death, which physic did except.”

In the second quatrain, the speaker introduces the idea of reason as a physician who has been trying to cure his love. However, reason is now “angry” because its prescriptions, or advice, have not been followed by the speaker’s heart. The consequence is that reason has abandoned the speaker, leaving him “desperate.” In this state of desperation, the speaker comes to a grim realization that desire itself can be lethal. He states that “Desire is death,” suggesting that excessive longing and desire can lead to one’s downfall, even though it was supposed to be the cure for the initial affliction.

Quatrain 3 (Lines 9-12): “Past cure I am, now reason is past care, And frantic-mad with evermore unrest; My thoughts and my discourse as madmen’s are, At random from the truth vainly express’d;”

In the third quatrain, the speaker acknowledges the hopelessness of his situation. He is “past cure,” and reason is no longer concerned about him. The speaker’s emotional state is characterized by being “frantic-mad” and constantly restless. His thoughts and speech are described as resembling those of madmen, lacking coherence and rationality. The speaker’s desperate longing for his beloved has driven him to a point of mental and emotional chaos.

Couplet (Lines 13-14): “For I have sworn thee fair and thought thee bright, Who art as black as hell, as dark as night.”

In the final couplet, the speaker contrasts his initial perception of the beloved with the current reality. He had previously idealized the beloved, swearing that they were fair and bright. However, now he sees the beloved as “black as hell, as dark as night.” This shift in perception reflects the disillusionment and bitterness that the speaker feels. The use of contrasting imagery – light and dark – emphasizes the stark difference between his idealized vision of love and the harsh truth.

Themes:

1. Love and Desire: The central theme of the poem is love and desire. The speaker’s love is portrayed as a feverish, insatiable longing that consumes him. He grapples with the destructive power of desire and how it can lead to disillusionment and despair.
2. Reason vs. Emotion: The poem explores the conflict between reason and emotion. The speaker’s reason, personified as a physician, tries to cure his love but ultimately abandons him when the irrationality of desire prevails.
3. Disillusionment: The poem highlights the theme of disillusionment as the speaker’s idealized perception of his beloved gives way to a harsher, more realistic view. This disillusionment is symbolized by the contrast between light and dark in the final couplet.
4. Mental Turmoil: The poem conveys a sense of mental and emotional turmoil as the speaker’s love drives him to madness and desperation. His thoughts and speech become disjointed and irrational.
5. Paradox of Desire: The poem underscores the paradoxical nature of desire – how it both sustains and destroys the lover. Desire keeps the speaker longing for his beloved but also leads to his downfall.

Language and Imagery:

Shakespeare employs rich language and imagery to convey the depth of the speaker’s emotions and the complexity of love. The use of metaphor, personification, and contrasting imagery helps to create a vivid and emotionally charged portrayal of the speaker’s inner turmoil.

• Metaphor of Love as a Fever: The central metaphor of love as a fever runs throughout the poem, emphasizing the consuming and feverish nature of the speaker’s emotions.
• Personification of Reason: Reason is personified as a physician who attempts to cure the speaker’s love but ultimately abandons him in frustration.
• Contrasting Imagery: The contrast between the speaker’s initial perception of the beloved as “fair and bright” and the current view of the beloved as “black as hell, as dark as night” serves to highlight the theme of disillusionment.
• Medical Imagery: The poem uses medical terminology and imagery, such as “prescriptions,” “physic,” and “past cure,” to convey the idea of love as an ailment or affliction.
• Madness Imagery: The poem employs imagery associated with madness, describing the speaker’s thoughts and speech as “frantic-mad” and “at random,” reinforcing the idea of emotional turmoil.

In conclusion, Shakespeare’s Sonnet 147, “My Love Is As a Fever, Longing Still,” offers a profound exploration of the complexities of love, desire, and reason. The poem takes the reader on a journey through the speaker’s emotional turmoil, from the feverish longing of love to the disillusionment and bitterness that follow. Through vivid language, metaphor, and contrasting imagery, Shakespeare masterfully conveys the inner conflict and mental turmoil experienced by the speaker, ultimately leaving the reader with a poignant reflection on the unpredictable and often destructive nature of desire.

FAQs

1. What is the central metaphor in Sonnet 147, and how does it shape the poem’s emotional landscape? In the tender tapestry of words, Shakespeare weaves a feverish metaphor of love, casting it as a relentless affliction that courses through the veins of the soul, inflaming desire with each passing moment. This metaphor serves as the heartbeat of the poem, infusing it with a passionate and feverish tone.
2. How does Shakespeare depict the paradoxical nature of love in this sonnet? Within the verses, the Bard deftly portrays love as a paradox, a fever that both sustains and devours the lover. It is a fire that feeds on the very sustenance meant to quench its flames, creating an insatiable hunger for the unattainable.
3. What role does reason play in the poem, and how does it contribute to the speaker’s emotional turmoil? Reason, personified as a caring physician, endeavors to mend the broken heart. However, its prescriptions, like fragile promises, go unheeded, leaving the speaker in a desperate state of emotional disarray.
4. How does Shakespeare convey the sense of desperation in the poem? The verses echo with the cries of desperation as the speaker’s reason abandons him, leaving him in a void of despair. This emotional landscape is painted with strokes of longing and torment, plunging the reader into the depths of the speaker’s anguish.
5. What is the significance of the line “Desire is death, which physic did except” in the context of the poem? In this line, Shakespeare reveals the stark truth that desire, once seen as a remedy, can become the very poison that leads to one’s downfall. It’s a poignant reflection on the irony of love, where what was meant to heal becomes the instrument of destruction.
6. How does the poem illustrate the conflict between reason and emotion? The poem vividly illustrates the eternal struggle between reason and emotion, where the heart’s wild desires often defy the rational mind’s attempts to impose order. It’s a timeless battle that resonates deeply with anyone who has grappled with the turbulence of love.
7. What is the significance of the final couplet in Sonnet 147? The final couplet serves as a dramatic culmination of the speaker’s emotional journey. It starkly contrasts the idealized perception of the beloved with the stark reality, underscoring the theme of disillusionment and the transformative power of love’s harsh truths.
8. How does Shakespeare employ contrasting imagery in the poem, specifically the contrast between light and dark? Through the juxtaposition of light and dark imagery in the final couplet, Shakespeare paints a vivid picture of the speaker’s shifting perceptions. It illuminates the stark difference between the initial idealization of love and the subsequent revelation of its darker, more painful facets.
9. How does Shakespeare use medical terminology and imagery in Sonnet 147? The Bard employs a rich tapestry of medical imagery, with phrases like “prescriptions,” “physic,” and “past cure.” These medical metaphors transform the poem into an emotional operating theater, where love is both the ailment and the elusive cure.
10. What emotions are evoked by the description of the speaker’s thoughts and speech as “frantic-mad” and “at random”? These descriptors evoke a sense of emotional chaos and turmoil. The speaker’s thoughts and words are no longer guided by reason but are untethered, reflecting the tumultuous state of his heart.
11. How does the poem resonate with the theme of disillusionment? Sonnet 147 resonates deeply with the theme of disillusionment, as it portrays the painful transformation of the speaker’s perception of the beloved from an idealized vision to a harsh reality. It’s a journey from the intoxication of love to the sobering truth.
12. What does the metaphor of the physician in the poem symbolize? The metaphor of the physician symbolizes reason’s attempt to heal the wounds of love. However, it also represents the limitations of reason in the face of overwhelming emotional forces.
13. Why does the speaker describe his love as “frantic-mad with evermore unrest”? This description encapsulates the speaker’s profound emotional turmoil. His love has driven him to a state of frenzied madness, marked by perpetual restlessness and longing.
14. How does Shakespeare’s use of language and imagery contribute to the emotional depth of the poem? Shakespeare’s masterful use of language and imagery immerses the reader in the rich emotional landscape of the poem. His words are like brushstrokes on a canvas, painting a vivid portrait of the speaker’s inner world.
15. What is the significance of the word “desire” in the poem? The word “desire” serves as a powerful focal point in the poem, embodying both the source of the speaker’s torment and the ultimate realization that it can lead to his downfall.
16. How does the poem capture the timeless and universal struggle of love and desire? Shakespeare’s Sonnet 147 captures the timeless and universal struggle of love and desire by delving into the depths of human emotions and portraying the eternal conflict between the heart and the mind.
17. What emotions are evoked by the contrast between the speaker’s initial perception of the beloved and the reality described in the final couplet? The contrast evokes a profound sense of disappointment, disillusionment, and bitterness. It’s a stark shift from the speaker’s idealized vision of love to a harsh, unvarnished truth.
18. What does the final couplet reveal about the transformative power of love? The final couplet reveals that love has the power to transform perceptions. It demonstrates how love can change something once seen as beautiful and radiant into something dark and forbidding.
19. How does the poem convey the idea that love’s intensity can border on madness? The poem conveys this idea through its depiction of the speaker’s emotional state as “frantic-mad.” It suggests that the depths of love can push a person to the brink of irrationality.
20. In what ways does Sonnet 147 exemplify the timeless and enduring nature of Shakespeare’s exploration of human emotions? Sonnet 147 stands as a testament to Shakespeare’s ability to plumb the depths of human emotions in a way that continues to resonate with readers across the ages. Its themes of love, desire, disillusionment, and emotional turmoil are as relevant today as they were in Shakespeare’s time, making it a timeless masterpiece of poetic expression.

Then said Almitra, Speak to us of Love.

     And he raised his head and looked upon

the people, and there fell a stillness upon

them. And with a great voice he said:

     When love beckons to you, follow him,

     Though his ways are hard and steep.

     And when his wings enfold you yield to him,

     Though the sword hidden among his

pinions may wound you.

     And when he speaks to you believe in him,

     Though his voice may shatter your dreams

as the north wind lays waste the garden.

     For even as love crowns you so shall he

crucify you. Even as he is for your growth

so is he for your pruning.

     Even as he ascends to your height and

caresses your tenderest branches that quiver

in the sun,

     So shall he descend to your roots and

shake them in their clinging to the earth.

                                       •

     Like sheaves of corn he gathers you unto

himself.

     He threshes you to make you naked.

     He sifts you to free you from your husks.

     He grinds you to whiteness.

     He kneads you until you are pliant;

     And then he assigns you to his sacred

fire, that you may become sacred bread for

God’s sacred feast.

     All these things shall love do unto you

that you may know the secrets of your

heart, and in that knowledge become a

fragment of Life’s heart.

     But if in your fear you would seek only

love’s peace and love’s pleasure,

     Then it is better for you that you cover

your nakedness and pass out of love’s

threshing-floor,

     Into the seasonless world where you

shall laugh, but not all of your laughter,

and weep, but not all of your tears.

                                      •

     Love gives naught but itself and takes

naught but from itself.

     Love possesses not nor would it be

possessed;

     For love is sufficient unto love.

     When you love you should not say,

“God is in my heart,” but rather, “I am

in the heart of God.”

     And think not you can direct the course

of love, for love, if it finds you worthy,

directs your course.

     Love has no other desire but to fulfil

itself.

     But if you love and must needs have

desires, let these be your desires:

     To melt and be like a running brook

that sings its melody to the night.

     To know the pain of too much tenderness.

     To be wounded by your own under-

standing of love;

     And to bleed willingly and joyfully.

     To wake at dawn with a winged heart

and give thanks for another day of loving;

     To rest at the noon hour and meditate

love’s ecstasy;

     To return home at eventide with gratitude;

     And then to sleep with a prayer for the

beloved in your heart and a song of praise

upon your lips.

Kahlil Gibran’s poem “On Love” is a profound exploration of the complexities and transformative power of love. In this poem, the prophet Almustafa responds to a request to speak about love. He imparts his wisdom on the nature of love, its demands, and its ultimate purpose. The poem is rich in metaphor and symbolism, inviting readers to delve deeply into its layers of meaning. In this analysis, we will break down the poem stanza by stanza, exploring its themes, metaphors, and philosophical insights.

Stanza 1: “Then said Almitra, Speak to us of Love. And he raised his head and looked upon the people, and there fell a stillness upon them. And with a great voice he said:”

The poem begins with Almitra, a character who often serves as a listener and questioner in Gibran’s work, asking Almustafa (the Prophet) to speak about love. Almustafa, who possesses wisdom and insight, agrees to share his thoughts on this profound subject. The stillness that falls upon the people signifies the reverence and anticipation surrounding his words.

Stanza 2: “When love beckons to you, follow him, Though his ways are hard and steep. And when his wings enfold you yield to him, Though the sword hidden among his pinions may wound you. And when he speaks to you believe in him, Though his voice may shatter your dreams as the north wind lays waste the garden.”

Here, Almustafa advises that when love calls, one should follow, even if love’s path is challenging and steep. Love’s embrace might hurt or wound, but one should still yield to it. Love’s words might shatter dreams, much like the harsh north wind can devastate a garden. This stanza emphasizes the idea that love is not always gentle or easy; it can be tumultuous and disruptive.

Stanza 3: “For even as love crowns you so shall he crucify you. Even as he is for your growth so is he for your pruning. Even as he ascends to your height and caresses your tenderest branches that quiver in the sun, So shall he descend to your roots and shake them in their clinging to the earth.”

Here, Almustafa compares love to both a crown and a crucifixion, suggesting that it can elevate and humble a person simultaneously. Love is described as a force that nurtures growth but also necessitates pruning. It touches the heights of one’s being and the depths of their roots, challenging their attachment to the material world.

Stanza 4: “Like sheaves of corn he gathers you unto himself He threshes you to make your naked. He sifts you to free you from your husks. He grinds you to whiteness. He kneads you until you are pliant; And then he assigns you to his sacred fire, that you may become sacred bread for God’s sacred feast.”

In this stanza, love is depicted as a farmer harvesting and processing wheat. Love gathers individuals like sheaves of corn and then subjects them to a series of transformative experiences: threshing, sifting, grinding, and kneading. These actions symbolize the process of refining and purifying the soul. The end result is that individuals become sacred offerings for a divine purpose, akin to becoming “sacred bread” for God’s feast. This underscores the idea that love is a transformative and spiritually enriching force.

Stanza 5: “All these things shall love do unto you that you may know the secrets of your heart, and in that knowledge become a fragment of Life’s heart.”

Here, Almustafa explains that the trials and tribulations imposed by love are meant to reveal the secrets of one’s heart. Through these experiences, individuals gain self-awareness and become connected to the greater “heart” of life itself. Love, in its transformative nature, helps individuals discover their true selves and their place in the broader tapestry of existence.

Stanza 6: “But if in your heart you would seek only love’s peace and love’s pleasure, Then it is better for you that you cover your nakedness and pass out of love’s threshing-floor, Into the seasonless world where you shall laugh, but not all of your laughter, and weep, but not all of your tears.”

This stanza advises that if one seeks only the tranquil and pleasurable aspects of love and wishes to avoid its challenges and transformations, it is better to retreat from love’s threshing-floor. The “seasonless world” represents a realm of emotional and spiritual stagnation where one experiences only partial joy and partial sorrow. This passage underscores the idea that genuine love requires a willingness to embrace both its joys and its pains.

Stanza 7: “Love gives naught but itself and takes naught but from itself. Love possesses not nor would it be possessed; For love is sufficient unto love.”

Here, Almustafa explains that love is self-sustaining and self-giving. Love is not concerned with ownership or possession; it simply exists to express itself. Love, in its pure form, is self-sufficient and doesn’t seek anything beyond the act of loving. This stanza emphasizes the unselfish and altruistic nature of true love.

Stanza 8: “When you love you should not say, “God is in my heart,” but rather, “I am in the heart of God.” And think not you can direct the course of love, for love, if it finds you worthy, directs your course.”

In this stanza, Almustafa urges that when one loves, they should not claim that God resides within them. Instead, they should acknowledge that they are within the heart of God. This implies a sense of humility and recognition of the divine nature of love. Furthermore, Almustafa emphasizes that love cannot be controlled or directed by human will. Instead, if one is deemed worthy, love itself guides and shapes the course of their life.

Stanza 9: “Love has no other desire but to fulfill itself. But if you love and must needs have desires, let these be your desires: To melt and be like a running brook that sings its melody to the night. To know the pain of too much tenderness. To be wounded by your own understanding of love; And to bleed willingly and joyfully.”

Here, Almustafa clarifies that love’s primary purpose is to fulfill itself, indicating that love seeks its own expression and realization. However, if one must have desires related to love, they should aspire to be like a flowing brook that sings in the night—a symbol of harmonious and joyful expression. They should also seek to understand and experience the pain that can come from excessive tenderness and sensitivity. Additionally, they should be willing to be wounded by their own deep understanding of love and be prepared to bleed joyfully, signifying a willingness to endure love’s trials and tribulations.

Stanza 10: “To wake at dawn with a winged heart and give thanks for another day of loving; To rest at the noon hour and meditate love’s ecstasy; To return home at eventide with gratitude; And then to sleep with a prayer for the beloved in your heart and a song of praise upon your lips.”

In the final stanza, Almustafa describes the ideal state of being in love. It involves waking up with a heart filled with joy and gratitude for another day of loving. It includes moments of reflection and meditation on love’s ecstasy during the day. At the end of the day, there should be a return home with a heart full of gratitude. The poem concludes with the idea that one should sleep with a prayer for their beloved and a song of praise on their lips, signifying the enduring and continuous nature of love’s expression.

In conclusion, Kahlil Gibran’s poem “On Love” is a profound exploration of love’s multifaceted nature. It portrays love as both a source of joy and pain, a force of transformation, and a connection to the divine. Through rich metaphors and symbolism, the poem imparts wisdom on how to embrace and understand love in all its complexity. It encourages readers to not only seek the pleasures of love but also to accept its challenges and transformations, for it is in the journey of love that one truly discovers the secrets of the heart and their place in the grand tapestry of existence.

FAQs About Kahlil Gibran’s Poem “On Love”

1. What is the central theme of Kahlil Gibran’s poem “On Love”?

The central theme of the poem is the multifaceted nature of love, emphasizing its transformative power and the need to embrace both its joys and challenges.

2. Who is Almitra, and why does she request Almustafa to speak about love?

Almitra is a character in Gibran’s work who asks Almustafa (the Prophet) to speak about love. She serves as a listener and questioner, and her request sets the poem in motion.

3. What does the stillness that falls upon the people in the poem symbolize?

The stillness that descends upon the people symbolizes the reverence and anticipation surrounding Almustafa’s words, signifying the importance of the topic.

4. How does the poem describe the nature of love’s call and its challenges?

The poem suggests that love’s call can be demanding and difficult to follow, often leading to both joy and pain. Love’s path is described as steep and its embrace may hurt, but one should yield to it nonetheless.

5. What do the metaphors of the sword hidden among love’s pinions and the north wind symbolize?

These metaphors signify that love can be both protective and destructive. Love may wound or challenge individuals in ways they don’t expect, just as the north wind can devastate a garden.

6. What is the significance of comparing love to both a crown and a crucifixion in the poem?

This comparison illustrates that love can elevate and humble individuals simultaneously. It’s a transformative force that nurtures growth but also demands pruning and self-sacrifice.

7. How does the poem depict the transformative process of love?

Love is likened to a farmer’s actions on wheat, including gathering, threshing, sifting, grinding, and kneading. These actions symbolize the refining and purifying process that love subjects individuals to, ultimately making them sacred.

8. What does the phrase “sacred bread for God’s sacred feast” signify?

This phrase emphasizes that the transformative process of love prepares individuals to serve a divine purpose, contributing to a larger, sacred experience.

9. What is the connection between love, self-discovery, and becoming a fragment of Life’s heart?

Love’s trials and challenges lead to self-discovery, allowing individuals to understand their innermost secrets. This understanding connects them to the broader “heart” of life itself.

10. What does the poem suggest about those who seek only the pleasurable aspects of love?

It advises that those who seek only love’s peace and pleasure without embracing its challenges may exist in a “seasonless world” of partial emotions and experiences.

11. What is the significance of the statement, “Love gives naught but itself and takes naught but from itself”?

This statement underscores the self-sufficiency and altruistic nature of genuine love. Love is not concerned with possession or gain; it exists purely to express itself.

12. What does Almustafa mean when he says, “I am in the heart of God”?

This phrase reflects a sense of humility and recognition that one is part of a larger, divine love. It emphasizes the idea that love transcends individual egos.

13. How does the poem convey the idea that love cannot be controlled or directed?

It suggests that love, if it finds an individual worthy, will guide and shape their life’s course. Love is depicted as an autonomous force that acts upon individuals.

14. What is the significance of aspiring to “melt and be like a running brook that sings its melody to the night”?

This aspiration signifies a desire for harmonious and joyful expression of love, akin to the natural flow of a brook’s music.

15. What is meant by “the pain of too much tenderness” in the poem?

This phrase refers to the idea that love can be so profound and tender that it may bring emotional pain or vulnerability, but it is a valuable aspect of love’s experience.

16. Why should one be willing to be wounded by their own understanding of love, according to the poem?

Being wounded by one’s own understanding of love suggests a willingness to endure the challenges and sacrifices that come with love, embracing its transformative power.

17. How does the poem describe the ideal state of being in love at different times of the day?

It paints a picture of waking with gratitude, meditating on love’s ecstasy, returning home with gratitude, and ending the day with a prayer for the beloved and a song of praise.

18. What does the poem convey about the continuous and enduring nature of love?

The poem suggests that love is an ongoing journey and experience, something that should be embraced and celebrated at all times of the day.

19. What message does the poem ultimately convey about the nature and purpose of love?

The poem emphasizes that love is a transformative force that leads to self-discovery and connection to the divine. It encourages embracing love in all its facets, including its challenges, as a path to greater understanding and fulfillment.

20. How does Kahlil Gibran use metaphors and symbolism throughout the poem to convey his message about love?

Throughout the poem, Gibran uses metaphors like the farmer and the wheat, the crown and crucifixion, and the running brook to symbolize different aspects of love’s nature and its impact on individuals. These metaphors add depth and layers of meaning to the poem, inviting readers to explore and contemplate the profound themes of love and transformation.

And a poet said, “Speak to us of Beauty.”

Where shall you seek beauty, and how shall you find her unless she herself be your way and your guide?

And how shall you speak of her except she be the weaver of your speech?

The aggrieved and the injured say, “Beauty is kind and gentle.

Like a young mother half-shy of her own glory she walks among us.”

And the passionate say, “Nay, beauty is a thing of might and dread.

Like the tempest she shakes the earth beneath us and the sky above us.”

The tired and the weary say, “beauty is of soft whisperings. She speaks in our spirit.

Her voice yields to our silences like a faint light that quivers in fear of the shadow.”

But the restless say, “We have heard her shouting among the mountains,

And with her cries came the sound of hoofs, and the beating of wings and the roaring of lions.”

At night the watchmen of the city say, “Beauty shall rise with the dawn from the east.”

And at noontide the toilers and the wayfarers say, “we have seen her leaning over the earth from the windows of the sunset.”

In winter say the snow-bound, “She shall come with the spring leaping upon the hills.”

And in the summer heat the reapers say, “We have seen her dancing with the autumn leaves, and we saw a drift of snow in her hair.”

All these things have you said of beauty.

Yet in truth you spoke not of her but of needs unsatisfied,

And beauty is not a need but an ecstasy.

It is not a mouth thirsting nor an empty hand stretched forth,

But rather a heart enflamed and a soul enchanted.

It is not the image you would see nor the song you would hear,

But rather an image you see though you close your eyes and a song you hear though you shut your ears.

It is not the sap within the furrowed bark, nor a wing attached to a claw,

But rather a garden forever in bloom and a flock of angels for ever in flight.

People of Orphalese, beauty is life when life unveils her holy face.

But you are life and you are the veil.

Beauty is eternity gazing at itself in a mirror.

But you are eternity and you are the mirror.

Explanation

Kahlil Gibran’s poem “Beauty XXV” delves into the concept of beauty and explores various perspectives on what beauty truly is. Through the words of a poet, the poem addresses the multifaceted nature of beauty and its profound impact on human experience. In this analysis, we will break down the poem stanza by stanza, exploring its themes, metaphors, and philosophical insights.

Stanza 1: The Quest for Beauty

“And a poet said, ‘Speak to us of Beauty.’ Where shall you seek beauty, and how shall you find her unless she herself be your way and your guide?”

The poem begins with a poet’s request to speak about beauty. The poet acknowledges that beauty cannot be found through external means or conventional methods. Instead, beauty should be an inherent part of one’s existence, guiding their perception of the world.

Stanza 2: Diverse Perceptions of Beauty

“And how shall you speak of her except she be the weaver of your speech? The aggrieved and the injured say, ‘Beauty is kind and gentle. Like a young mother half-shy of her own glory she walks among us.’ And the passionate say, ‘Nay, beauty is a thing of might and dread. Like the tempest she shakes the earth beneath us and the sky above us.’ The tired and the weary say, ‘beauty is of soft whisperings. She speaks in our spirit. Her voice yields to our silences like a faint light that quivers in fear of the shadow.’ But the restless say, ‘We have heard her shouting among the mountains, And with her cries came the sound of hoofs, and the beating of wings and the roaring of lions.'”

In this stanza, the poet highlights the diverse and often contradictory perceptions of beauty. To some, beauty is gentle and nurturing, like a young mother. To others, it is powerful and overwhelming, akin to a tempest. For some, beauty is subtle and quiet, speaking to the inner spirit, while for others, it is loud and majestic, resonating with the forces of nature. These contrasting viewpoints reflect the subjective nature of beauty and how it can be perceived differently by individuals.

Stanza 3: Beauty’s Ever-Present Essence

“At night the watchmen of the city say, ‘Beauty shall rise with the dawn from the east.’ And at noontide the toilers and the wayfarers say, ‘we have seen her leaning over the earth from the windows of the sunset.’ In winter say the snow-bound, ‘She shall come with the spring leaping upon the hills.’ And in the summer heat the reapers say, ‘We have seen her dancing with the autumn leaves, and we saw a drift of snow in her hair.'”

This stanza portrays beauty as an ever-present and cyclical force in nature. It is not limited to a specific time or season; rather, it is continually evolving and revealing itself through various natural phenomena. Beauty is associated with the changing of seasons, the rising and setting of the sun, and the dance of leaves in the wind. It is a reminder that beauty is not static but dynamic, always renewing itself in the world.

Stanza 4: The Essence of Beauty

“All these things have you said of beauty. Yet in truth you spoke not of her but of needs unsatisfied, And beauty is not a need but an ecstasy. It is not a mouth thirsting nor an empty hand stretched forth, But rather a heart enflamed and a soul enchanted. It is not the image you would see nor the song you would hear, But rather an image you see though you close your eyes and a song you hear though you shut your ears. It is not the sap within the furrowed bark, nor a wing attached to a claw, But rather a garden forever in bloom and a flock of angels for ever in flight.”

In this stanza, the poet emphasizes the essence of beauty. Beauty is not a mere need or desire; it is an ecstatic experience that transcends physical cravings. It is not something external to be seen or heard, but an internal feeling that ignites the heart and enchants the soul. Beauty is not confined to visual or auditory perception; it can be felt even when one’s eyes are closed and ears are shut. It is not a part of the natural world, like sap in a tree or a wing on a bird, but rather a timeless and eternal presence symbolized as a perpetual garden in bloom and a flock of angels in flight.

Stanza 5: Beauty as a Reflection of Life

“People of Orphalese, beauty is life when life unveils her holy face. But you are life and you are the veil. Beauty is eternity gazing at itself in a mirror. But you are eternity and you are the mirror.”

In the final stanza, the poet imparts a profound insight. Beauty is not separate from life; it is an integral part of life when life reveals its sacred essence. The people of Orphalese are reminded that they are both life and the veil that obscures or reveals beauty. Beauty is eternal and timeless, like a reflection in a mirror, and it is within the people’s capacity to recognize and embody that beauty as they are a part of eternity.

In summary, Kahlil Gibran’s “Beauty XXV” is a poetic exploration of the multifaceted nature of beauty and its subjective interpretation by individuals. It conveys that beauty is not merely a superficial concept but a profound and ecstatic experience that transcends the senses. Beauty is intimately connected to life, and it is a reflection of the eternal. The poem invites readers to contemplate the essence of beauty and its presence within themselves and the world around them, urging them to look beyond superficial appearances and embrace the profound beauty that exists within and beyond the physical realm.

FAQS

1. Question: What prompted Kahlil Gibran to write the poem “Beauty XXV”?

Answer: Kahlil Gibran was a Lebanese-American poet, and his works often reflected his deep connection to both his Lebanese heritage and American culture. “Beauty XXV” is part of his collection, “The Prophet,” which was published in 1923. This poem is a response to the broader cultural and philosophical discussions of the time, particularly ideas surrounding beauty and spirituality.

2. Question: How does the poem address cultural perceptions of beauty?

Answer: The poem addresses cultural perceptions of beauty by presenting a variety of viewpoints within the poem itself. It acknowledges that people in different social and cultural contexts may have contrasting notions of what beauty entails, from the gentle and nurturing to the powerful and overwhelming.

3. Question: Can you explain the significance of “People of Orphalese” in the poem?

Answer: The reference to “People of Orphalese” is symbolic and represents the collective consciousness of humanity. It serves as a reminder that the themes discussed in the poem are universal and apply to people from various cultural backgrounds.

4. Question: How does the poem reflect the cultural diversity of its time?

Answer: The poem reflects the cultural diversity of its time by presenting contrasting perceptions of beauty. These diverse viewpoints highlight the influence of cultural backgrounds, experiences, and values in shaping individual perspectives on beauty.

5. Question: How does the poem’s description of beauty connect with the cultural values of the early 20th century?

Answer: The poem’s description of beauty aligns with some cultural values of the early 20th century, particularly the idea that beauty is not merely superficial but has a deeper, spiritual dimension. This resonated with the broader cultural movements of the time, including the rejection of materialism in favor of spiritual and artistic pursuits.

6. Question: Were there any cultural movements or intellectual discussions that influenced Kahlil Gibran’s writing of this poem?

Answer: Yes, Kahlil Gibran’s work was influenced by the cultural and intellectual discussions of his time. The early 20th century was marked by movements like transcendentalism and spiritualism, which emphasized the importance of spiritual and aesthetic experiences. Gibran’s poem reflects these philosophical currents.

7. Question: Can you provide more insight into the cultural significance of the changing seasons mentioned in the poem?

Answer: The references to changing seasons in the poem have cultural significance as they evoke the cyclical nature of life and the natural world. In various cultures, the seasons are often associated with renewal, rebirth, and transformation, reflecting the cyclical patterns of life and nature.

8. Question: How does the poem challenge conventional beauty standards of its time?

Answer: The poem challenges conventional beauty standards by emphasizing that beauty is not solely based on external appearances or societal norms. Instead, it underscores the idea that beauty is a deeply personal and internal experience that transcends superficial standards.

9. Question: Were there any particular movements or debates related to gender and beauty during the early 20th century that may have influenced this poem?

Answer: During the early 20th century, there were ongoing discussions about gender roles and societal expectations. While the poem does not explicitly address these debates, its focus on the subjective and spiritual nature of beauty can be seen as a departure from traditional, gendered beauty expectations.

10. Question: How did Kahlil Gibran’s multicultural background influence his perspective on beauty?

Answer: Kahlil Gibran’s multicultural background, growing up in Lebanon and later living in the United States, likely contributed to his broad and inclusive perspective on beauty. His exposure to different cultures and traditions allowed him to appreciate diverse interpretations of beauty.

11. Question: Were there any notable literary or philosophical influences on Kahlil Gibran’s writings, particularly in relation to the theme of beauty?

Answer: Gibran was influenced by various literary and philosophical movements, including Romanticism and transcendentalism. These movements often explored the spiritual and aesthetic dimensions of life, aligning with the themes found in his poem on beauty.

12. Question: How does the poem’s reference to eternity and mirrors relate to cultural beliefs of the time?

Answer: The poem’s reference to eternity and mirrors aligns with broader cultural beliefs in the early 20th century, where there was a fascination with spiritual and metaphysical concepts. Mirrors were often used as symbols of self-reflection and introspection, which was in harmony with the era’s interest in inner exploration.

13. Question: Can you elaborate on the concept of “ecstasy” as it relates to beauty in the poem?

Answer: The concept of “ecstasy” in the poem signifies that beauty is not a mere intellectual or sensory experience but a profound emotional and spiritual one. This aligns with the cultural and artistic movements of the early 20th century that celebrated heightened emotional and transcendent experiences.

14. Question: How did Kahlil Gibran’s immigration to the United States impact his perspective on beauty and culture?

Answer: Gibran’s immigration to the United States allowed him to engage with a new cultural landscape and contributed to his cosmopolitan outlook. His exposure to American culture, alongside his Lebanese heritage, likely influenced his diverse and inclusive understanding of beauty.

15. Question: Were there any notable cultural or social events in the early 20th century that might have influenced Gibran’s exploration of beauty in this poem?

Answer: While there were no specific events directly influencing this poem, the early 20th century was marked by significant cultural shifts, including the embrace of modernism and the questioning of traditional values. Gibran’s exploration of beauty can be seen in the context of these broader cultural changes.

16. Question: Did Kahlil Gibran’s works, including this poem, find resonance with specific cultural or artistic movements of his time?

Answer: Yes, Kahlil Gibran’s works, including “Beauty XXV,” found resonance with the broader cultural and artistic movements of his time, such as the early 20th-century emphasis on individualism, spirituality, and the rejection of materialism.

17. Question: How does the poem’s portrayal of beauty as an inner experience relate to the cultural shift toward self-discovery and introspection?

Answer: The poem’s portrayal of beauty as an inner experience is aligned with the cultural shift toward self-discovery and introspection that characterized the early 20th century. It reflects the idea that true beauty is found within oneself and through introspective exploration.

18. Question: Were there any criticisms or debates surrounding Kahlil Gibran’s interpretation of beauty in his writings?

Answer: While Gibran’s writings, including this poem, were generally well-received for their spiritual and philosophical depth, there were occasional criticisms and debates. Some critics questioned the depth of his philosophical ideas, while others lauded his ability to connect with a broad audience.

19. Question: How did the reception of “The Prophet” and this poem, in particular, reflect the cultural and social climate of the time?

Answer: “The Prophet” and “Beauty XXV” resonated with the cultural and social climate of the time by offering a spiritual and introspective perspective in an era marked by rapid industrial